Science (from Latin scientia,
meaning "knowledge") is an organized system of learning that builds
and organizes knowledge in
the form of confirmable
explanations and predictions about
the universe.
The scientific
method seeks
to explain the events of nature in
areproducible way.
An explanatory thought
experiment or hypothesis is
put forward as explanation using principles such as parsimony (also
known as "Occam's
Razor")
and are generally expected to fit well with other accepted facts
related to the phenomena.
Contemporary science is typically subdivided into the natural
sciences,
which study the material
universe;
the social
sciences,
which study people and societies; and the formal
sciences,
which study logic and mathe-matics.
In general usage, the term “Science” refers to the natural sciences.
Disciplines which use science, like engineering and medicine,
may also be considered to be applied
sciences.
It is that scientific knowledge enables us to do all kinds of things
and to make all kinds of things. The comfort and advantages of
modern life are due primarily to the application of science.
BUT . . . .
Science is and always will be imperfect. Scientists and physicians
often stand by and follow theories that are later discarded for lack
of evidence. Many ideas are called theories, when in actuality they
are merely hypotheses. The difference being that a theory is a
well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world,
based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through
observation and experiment. |
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A hypothesis, on the other hand, is merely an idea or supposition
that has little or no evidence to support it.
One such hypothesis was that of the Geocentric
Universe,
the idea that the Earth is the center of the Universe. It was an
idea widely accepted by scientists until Nicholas Copernicus
disproved the theory in 1543 through evidence obtained with the
telescope.
To prop up the idea of the geocentric universe in the face of
astronomical observations, scientists had to postulate the existence
of “Crystal Spheres”.
These
were thick spheres of some rarefied transparent matter nested one
within the other, with the Earth at the core.
The stars were said to
be on the surface of a single starry outermost sphere. Their
revolutions satisfied scientists for a millennia. Over the
centuries, additional astronomical observations required the crystal
spheres to perform more and more complex movements. Finally the
telescopic observations of Galileo in the 16th century forced
scientists to abandon the concept.
Another deposed scientific idea is the Miasmatic
theory of disease.
During the Middle Ages, it was believed that diseases were caused by
being exposed to miasma (or "bad air"). This theory was received
until the 1800s, when germ theory began to take its place..
The very basis of science, mathematics, is only a theory that has
some flaws. Clearly the theory of mathematics is a flawed. It is
based on the idea that there are both negative things—things that
are less than nothing. Mathematicians have had to create an
“imaginary number”- a
number they know does not exist, in order to prop up this idea.
The creation of the square root of minus one (
i
) became necessary to resolve the conflict between two mathematical
principles. 1) every number has a square root, and 2) two minus
number can only be the product of a minus number and a positive
number, making it impossible for a minus number to have a square
root. The invention of the
i
made everything work.
Another recent
scientific invention, the quantum theory. is the result of confusing
perception with reality. In attempting to explain explains the
behavior of
matter as
it interacted with energy on
the scale of atoms and subatomic
particles,
there were two opposing theories 1) it acted like a wave 2) it acted
like a particle. Both ideas was supported by various experiments.
Plank then suggested the quantum theory which essentially said that
observation affects the outcome of an experiment.—that we cannot
know what is going on until we see it.
Two other weaknesses of science is the failure to explain what space
is and what consciousness is.
We should trust science, but we should also be aware that there is
still much to be understood about reality.
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